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Cabin by the Lake

History

Born in Appalachia 

Buried in Detroit

There is a lot of debate about where our ancestors came from before we were known as Melungeon, however Melungeon as a culture and community was born in Appalachia through the need to rely on each other to survive the wild and mountainous region, as well as the prejudices of the times. Due to such a "mysterious" origin and an appearance described as racially ambiguous Melungeon people were denied many rights like the ability to marry, own land or property, vote, or testify in court.  This led to many families losing their homes and farms. Many melungeon families know histories of moonshining like the descendants of famous Tennessee Moonshiner Mahala Collins Mullins whos cabin serves as a historical site in Vardy Valley.  While bootlegging made up a large amount of Melungeon families incomes, many other families relied on farming and coal mining and even participated in historic events like the 1973 Harlan County Coal Strike, the Coal Creek Mine Wars and the Appalachian Coal Wars of the 1920s. In 1860's Melungeon people in the Big South Fork aided the Underground Railroad.  Many Melungeon families have tales of fighting off bands of Confederate soldiers like Julia Markum.  Come the 19th century with rights being awarded to "free people of color", Melungeon people were experiencing many of the same rights as their white counterparts. Men were now allowed to vote, testify in court, and own property or land. However in 1924 we saw our rights restricted again with the passing of the Racial Integirty Act enforcing segregation and the one drop rule, making our very existence illegal and inhibiting our ability to legally marry until it was finally abolished with Loving V. Virginia in 1967.  Historically we lived in isolation and preferred places cut off from and sometimes even nearly inaccessible to mainstream society. Finding refuge on mountain ridges and dense woodlands to call home, and with only a handful of families existing in these communities, endogamy was commonplace and often preferred. While marriage was common, divorce was not frowned upon and women and men were free to divorce and remarry, this often resulted in large blended families with many children.  Due to the discrimination faced by so many Melungeon families there was an increasing drive to shed the Melungeon label, many families moved across state lines, or out of Appalachia altogether, some even changing their names as to avoid being recognized.  Historically Melungeons are a very family oriented people with a large focus on helping kin and keeping family together, a lot of times seeing aunts, uncles, siblings, grandparents and even cousins help raise up a child after a parent is lost. This focus on family also played a large role in the naming process, with mothers entrusting their midwives to bestow a family name upon newly born infants.  Many Melungeon families turned their noses up to mainstream religions, focusing worship on celestial bodies and ancestral veneration.  Assimilation would eventually creep in whether through a need for acceptance within the broader population or forced upon families through Catholic convents kidnapping women and children and stripping them of who they were, leading to a huge deterioration in Melungeon culture and a strong reliance on oral history for preservation

By the time the children of the Hillbilly Highway migrants came of age in Detroit, the world their parents had moved into had already begun to fall apart.  Their parents, the first wave of Appalachian migrants, had left Kentucky, Tennessee and West Virginia, in troves from the 1930's through the 1950s, running from racist one drop laws and poverty, seeking work in the booming auto factories of Detroit.  So many Harlan County KY residents migrated to Detroit MI in the 1950s, a bus route between the two regions had to be created and it ran daily, bringing thousands of Melungeon migrants to Michigan's urban epicenter, every year. They settled in neighborhoods like Brightmoor, Delray, and Hazel Park, building tight-knit communities where mountain traditions persisted despite the urban setting. For a while, they found stability. The factories paid decent wages, allowing some to own homes, even if they were in rougher parts of town. But these families were never quite accepted by middle class white society, the discrimination persisted, and after a short time, the poverty did too.  By the time us 80's and 90's kids came along, the world our parents and grandparents had built was collapsing.  The phenomenon of "white flight" had already begun to strip Detroit and its smaller outskirt towns of their middle-class tax base, and the auto industry started collapsing under the weight of foreign competition, automation, and mismanagement. Factories shut down, work dried up, and neighborhoods that once held promise became abandoned and crime-ridden. For the Melungeon and Black families left behind the new normal was being stuck in the ruins of a city no longer offering opportunity, generational poverty, and a struggle to survive in a place that is still bleeding jobs and hope. When the early 2000's came forth, we found ourselves caught between two worlds. Our parents clung to mountain values. emphasizing deep kinship ties, a do-it-yourself mentality, and a distrust of outsiders; a HUGE distrust for outsiders; but us kids had been urbanized. We speak with a hybrid accent, Appalachian twang mixed up with Detroit slang. We grew up on bluegrass dripping out from smoky bars, but also Motown and hip-hop blasting from the subs in a passing caddy. Many families still keep chickens in their backyards, still can food for the winter, and still rely on home remedies before they trust doctors. Yet, we were also city kids, scrappy and street-smart, learning to navigate a world of gangs, drugs, and failing schools. Work, or the lack of it, defined so damn much of our reality. Some of my peers went into skilled trades if they were lucky enough to have connections. Others turned to hustling. Sheenying, scrapping metal, fixing cars in backyard garages, or selling drugs or stolen goods to make ends meet. The rusting shells of old factories became playgrounds and hideouts. Crime was sometimes survival, but always an inevitability. Despite the hardships, us ditch kids carved out a unique new culture. We formed our own kind of identity cause we not quite mountain folk but we sure ain't city slickers either, we are something in between. We have kept the storytelling traditions of our ancestors alive, spinning yarns on porches and garage parties, mixing haint stories from the hollers with urban legends from the streets. Today we are watching as gentrification begins to erase what little is left of our communities. But even in the ruins, our legacy endures: we are a people shaped by migration, survival, and the stubborn refusal to disappear.

Recommended Reading:

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Walking Toward The Sunset

-Wayne Winkler

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Appalachian Migrants in Urban America

-William Philliber

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My House Wasn't on Stilts: Rites of Passage for a Displaced Appalachian 

-Gregory K Stanley 

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Black Exodus

-Alferdteen Harris

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North From The Mountains

John S. Kessler, 

Donald B.Ball

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From Mountain to Metropolis

-Kathryn M Borman

-Phillip J Obermiller

© K. R. B. MARTIN

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